Delivering Added Value †Universal Studio Singapore

Presentation Universal Studio Singapore is an amusement park that is arranged inside Resort World Sentosa. The amusement park was propelled on 18 March 2010. In the wake of beginning it was fruitful in drawing in more than 2 million guests in a period length of 9 months. This is because of its profoundly able workforce.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Delivering Added Value †Universal Studio Singapore explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The vision of Universal Studio Singapore is to be the best amusement park in Southeast Asia. Its crucial; to offer remarkable items, administrations and offices to our exceptionally regarded clients, with help of our profoundly qualified staffs. Its targets are; To have imperial, fulfilled and profoundly energetic workers. To utilize its exceptionally capable workforce to improve its deals. General Studio Singapore tries to understand its vision and goal through building up inward worth creation that involve s setting up positive inner connections and frameworks that are fundamental in a business substance. A few instances of interminable worth manifestations incorporate proficient requesting exercises, developments, effective client service just as lead handling. Worth is known to be produced through trade and relationship between jobs. Inward worth creation is basic in guaranteeing the achievement of any organization (Hull 1945; Marx 1959). The administration of the amusement park should utilize the Service benefit fasten model to upgrade its administrations. The model shows how noteworthy workers are in guaranteeing accomplishment of business substances. The hypothesis delineates how gainfulness can be improved through client eminence because of employees’ fulfillment (Boron, Harris Hilton 2009). The model partners consumer loyalty with the estimation of the administrations they get. Worth is guaranteed by regal, fulfilled just as gainful workers. Widespread Studio Singapore s hould ensure that its workers are exceptionally energetic so as to keep offering their standard brilliant administrations. One sure technique for rousing workers is supporting them to propel their examinations (Bowen Lawler n.d; Marshal 1961). This is conceivable with Universal Studio Singapore as it accepts that glad workers assume a huge job in consumer loyalty, as upbeat representatives pull in rehashed business just as energize referrals.Advertising Looking for exposition on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In request to guarantee a fulfilled workforce, the administration at Universal Studio Singapore should give its representatives the chances to attempt new strategies so as to find new techniques just as methodology intended to improve proficiency in the association. This is a certain method of empowering developments and proficiency inside the association (Davis 1985). The administration ou ght to what's more, permit the workers to set their objectives and furthermore evaluate them. This will assist with making a positive connection between the administration and different representatives that will prompt a profoundly energetic, imperial, and fulfilled workforce. The Drive Theory is another methodology that the administration at Universal Studio Singapore ought to consider embracing. This hypothesis is powerful in coordinating wanted practices. The hypothesis distinguishes two sorts of drives; essential drives that are obligatory for endurance just as optional needs that are connected to personality and social variables. The board should attempt to build up what inspires their workers so as to help them in like manner (Hostage 1975; Loasb 1996). The administration benefit chain models just as the drive hypothesis are successful in inward worth creation. Accordingly, they will be instrumental in aiding by Universal Studio Singapore prevail with regards to setting up a p ersuaded, illustrious and fulfilled workforce that will assist it with understanding its vision. Rundown of References Baron, S., Harris, K. also, Hilton, T., 2009, Services Marketing. Text and Cases, New York: Palgrave Macmillan Bowen, D.E. furthermore, Lawler, E.E., n.d, The Empowerment of Women Workers: What, Why, How and When, Slaon Management Review spring, 5, 3, 31-39Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Delivering Added Value †Universal Studio Singapore explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Davis, S.M.1985, Managing Corporate Cultures, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Hostage, G.M., 1975, Quality Control in a Service Business, Harvard Business Review, 53, 4, 98-106 Hull, C., 1943, Principles of Behavior, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts Loasby, B.J., 1996, Choice, Complexity and Ignorance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Marshall, A., 1961, Principal of Economics, London: Macmillan Marx, K., 1959, Capital, Lawrence and Wishart. This exposition on Delivering Added Value †Universal Studio Singapore was composed and presented by client Caitlyn N. to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

The Valuation of Intellectual Property for Various Purposes Term Paper

3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview You’ve been approached in for a board meet. Perhaps you’re threatened. Perhaps frightened. Possibly you’re not even sure you comprehend what that really involves. Whatever your degree of fear, here are three simple strides to traversing your board meet tranquilly and in one piece. Stage 1: BEFOREYou reserve the privilege to ask who will be on your board. Do this. At that point inquire about each board part as well as could be expected. You’ll have the option to make sense of a considerable amount and get ready better for what each may be generally quick to ask you. What does this specific gathering of individuals educate you regarding what the organization is attempting to assess?You can likewise ask to what extent (generally) the meeting should last. This will give you a nice sentiment for what amount to and fro conversation will be conceivable, how much space you’ll be given to pose inquiries, to what extent your answers can be, etc.Step 2: DURING Treat every individual on the board like an individual not simply one more anonymous face. This isn't an indifferent divider asking you inquiries. Every questioner on your board is another chance to make a human association and persuade that a lot more individuals in the organization what an extraordinary fit you would be.Be sure to observe everybody’s name as they are presented. Record every one if that causes you recall. When responding to questions, talk straightforwardly to the person who asked, yet then attempt to widen your answer out to cause the remainder of the board to feel remembered for the discussion.Step 3: AFTERYou’ve took in their names and put forth an attempt to interface with each board part presently thank every single one of them earnestly withâ solid eye to eye connection and a quality handshake. From that point forward, it’s the typical post-meet follow-up methodology. Be that as it may, recall that you have to keep in touch with one card to say thanks for each board part. It appears to be a torment, however it’s these little contacts that will help set you apart.The board talk with: 6 hints for previously, during, and after

Free Essays on Weighing the Morality of Affirmative Action

Gauging the Morality of Affirmative Action Is governmental policy regarding minorities in society, as racial inclination, ethically advocated? Governmental policy regarding minorities in society in the United States started with endeavors to affirm the disposal of biased practices, yet before long formed into programs advancing special treatment. This specific kind of treatment has been maintained as repercussions for past shameful acts, but then it lifts up indistinguishable qualities from those treacheries, for example, partiality. It has been applauded for expanding minority access to business and expert professions, yet additionally accused for debasing norms all the while. By esteeming one’s qualifications more, exclusively based on their nationality subverts the establishment on which this nation was begun. These thoughts incorporate resistance and equivalent open doors for all. The feelings engaged with the contention over inclination are amazing. The reason for this exposition isn't to stir these feelings or to convince by methods for them. Or maybe, to ask whether there are good standards, generally working on, being infracted. American law regarding this matter is unsure, even some what opposing at times, yet everybody can make their own derivations from what the law states in light of the fact that one’s supposition and ethics will decide their situation on the issue. Inclination based on race or national beginning happens essentially in advanced education. During the ongoing decades, the minority bunches frequently assigned for inclination have been African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans and Asian Americans living. In an article in Newsweek the writer composes, â€Å"If the objective of governmental policy regarding minorities in society is to make an increasingly impartial society, it ought to be characterized by its propensity to decrease individuals to fixed classifications: at numerous colleges it is the sort of person you are as opposed to what you are. Subsequently, governmental policy regarding minorities in society programs once in a while do profit the offspring of center and privileged dark Americans.† (Armstrong, 33) The choices f... Free Essays on Weighing the Morality of Affirmative Action Free Essays on Weighing the Morality of Affirmative Action Gauging the Morality of Affirmative Action Is governmental policy regarding minorities in society, as racial inclination, ethically supported? Governmental policy regarding minorities in society in the United States started with endeavors to affirm the disposal of prejudicial practices, however before long formed into programs advancing particular treatment. This specific sort of treatment has been maintained as repercussions for past shameful acts, but then it lifts up indistinguishable qualities from those treacheries, for example, partiality. It has been commended for expanding minority access to business and expert professions, yet additionally accused for debasing gauges all the while. By esteeming one’s certifications more, exclusively based on their nationality subverts the establishment on which this nation was begun. These thoughts incorporate resistance and equivalent open doors for all. The feelings associated with the contention over inclination are incredible. The motivation behind this paper isn't to stimulate these feelings or to convince by methods for them. Or maybe, to ask whether there are good standards, generally working on, being infracted. American law regarding this matter is unsure, even some what opposing at times, however everybody can make their own derivations from what the law states in light of the fact that one’s conclusion and ethics will decide their situation on the issue. Inclination based on race or national starting point happens essentially in advanced education. During the ongoing decades, the minority bunches frequently assigned for inclination have been African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans and Asian Americans living. In an article in Newsweek the writer composes, â€Å"If the objective of governmental policy regarding minorities in society is to make an increasingly fair society, it ought to be characterized by its inclination to diminish individuals to fixed classifications: at numerous colleges it is the sort of person you are as opposed to what you are. Therefore, governmental policy regarding minorities in society programs once in a while do profit the offspring of center and privileged dark Americans.† (Armstrong, 33) The choices f...

Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring - Movie Review Example The story is broken down into four sections where each part depicts regularity of the earth. These seasons give us how the Korean culture follows a methodical method of getting things done. In each part, there is change of occasions as how the earth’s seasons upset. The adjustment in seasons shows the movements and advancements that happen in the Korean culture. Argumentation of the Movie The season spring is the preeminent occasion that acquaints the addressees with the story and takes the peruser through the plot. The peruser is acquainted with an old priest who prepares an energetic priest on the methods of Buddhist feelings. Preparing of the Buddhist feelings causes the peruser to comprehend that the Koreans are a strict society. The Koreans are a persevering society in light of the fact that the old priest works through grouping. The energetic priest makes some mind boggling memories getting these abilities on the grounds that more often than not he is occupied by joy in tormenting defenseless animals that are in the spring. This gives us that young men in the Korean culture take part in insidiousness conduct like young men in any general public. He chooses to rebuff the youthful priest for his activities, and orders the youthful priest to tie a stone around his midsection with the goal that he can encounter the enduring the creatures experience (Ebert 12). Rebuffing the youthful priest as a result of tormenting vulnerable animals shows us the Koreans like frogs and snakes. ... The Koreans likewise take part in sentimental connections at their adolescent age, this is clear through the fascination of the youthful priest and the lady. The young lady is experiencing a sickness that isn't comprehended and she is brought to the old Buddhist for prescriptions. This uncovers the Korean culture has confidence in customary herbs for relieving illnesses (Ebert 22). The youthful priest and the lady proceed with their close connection and some way or another her sicknesses are restored, these shows that statement of adoration in the Korean culture is a type of prescription. A time of fall is acquainted with the peruser, which is marginally better than the season pre-winter. Koreans acknowledge workmanship and use it to convey various messages, this is confirm by the manner in which the old priest takes part in aesthetic work. He in the end sees a bit of paper announcing the slaughtering of a young lady by his supposed darling and this acquires a feeling of savagery Kor ean culture. The old priest mechanically proposes that the killing was a because of envy of the sweetheart. Korean culture contends that rough demonstrations are related with the edified world. Unfaithfulness is clear in the Korean culture in light of the fact that the youthful priest slaughters his better half for having an unsanctioned romance with another man. The youthful adult’s enduring is resultant of his activities, which are making him experience blame. Koreans has confidence in the spirits in light of the fact that the old priest plays out a custom for cleansing the youthful priest. The old priest advises the youthful grown-up to cut Korean characters on a tree with the blade he utilized in killing the lady. There is sorted out law implementation in Korean culture as analysts show up in the town to capture the youthful grown-up and ship him to a prison (Ebert

Innovation and Sustainable Business Long Range Planning

Question: Examine about theInnovation and Sustainable Businessfor Long Range Planning. Answer: A plan of action makes an image of how an association works to offer quality types of assistance and incentive to clients. In this way, the plan of action helps the organization to beat their rivals in the business sectors. Therefore, the model improves the estimation of the organization to fast benefits and income development. Along these lines, look into shows that it involves two components, for example, a benefit model and business system(Amit, R., Zott, C, 2001) .The plan of action doesn't just function as an arrangement of works but instead as social pointers of clients and providers. A fruitful plan of action incorporates the benefit level of an organization and its tasks. Therefore, it can understand the vital goals of the organization. At the point when an individual conceptualizes a plan of action as a framework, he/she centers around conveyance and creation of the organization. In this manner, the framework has a few associated exercises to go past the limits and central industry(Chesbrough, 2006). Thus, the plan of action conceptualized as a framework permits the organization to work together with vital accomplices. Furthermore, it makes esteem particularly for its clients. Consequently, the plan of action ought to convey its merchandise and enterprises to their objective clients. The plan of action intellectualized as a framework centers around the conveyance approach just as opposed to concentrating on the activities. The framework centers around making a decent connection with the buyers for fulfillment. The key goals of the framework is to convince clients to buy merchandise and ventures. What's more, the client care administration is a piece of the conveyance framework that draws in more purchasers to purch ase products and ventures from an organization. The action frameworks involve administration, structure, and substance. The business people and supervisors structure and shape the hierarchical exercises into a framework. The plan of action as a framework takes care of static and dynamic issues in the organization. In this manner, it is critical to show the territories that have static and dynamic development in the association. For example, the plan of action centers around conveying an incentive to clients and stay serious in the future(Itami, H., Nishino, K, 2010). As a framework, it permits the vital arrangement to fit in every single working movement. Subsequently, the models portray the elements of the organization. The framework in the organization changes depending with the business biological system. The plan of action as a framework permits individuals to convey at all levels. For example, the correspondence moves from the senior to the lesser level thus, static exercises change emphatically. The framework additionally has complex versatile methodologies that advance the static activities because of the business environment.The business components, for example, firms, providers, and workers complete the obligations and errands that improve change in static exercises. The plans of action as a framework make arranges through joint endeavors, vital partnerships, and coordinated efforts. Furthermore, it makes a business network with comparable objectives. Subsequently, the plan of action as a framework permits the organization to redistribute supplies in this manner keep the activities dynamic. The business exercises are moving a direct result of the persistent gracefully of data and innovation. The business framework instructs the workers and bosses about their obligations and assignments. Thusly, the framework controls the whole work stream just as conveyance of merchandise and enterprises to the clients. The plan of action connects between the information sources and yields so as to make an incentive for clients. The plans of action assist organizations with gaining from one another. The organizations can trade information and data about advancement and innovation. Along these lines, the organizations can accomplice to create comparable items mutually. Then again, plan of action empowers organizations to create merchandise and ventures independently(Magretta, 2002). Worldwide organizations accomplish independence because of coordinated effort and association among themselves. The plan of action features the creation expenses and the board subsequently, organizations band together with different firms to decrease expenses and increment their advantages. The plan of action keeps up the coordinated business exercises among the organizations. Moreover, it triggers correspondence among the staff from various firms so as to share their business encounters. In addition, it makes cross practical and blended groups outside and inside the organizations. For example, in Taiwanese and South Korean firms in telecom fields center around sharing their imagination see points of view. In this way, the plans of action make esteem chains and adaptable collaboration inside the organizations. Therefore, the organizations are in a situation to accomplice outside and inside the firm. As per Zott and Amitt, the plans of action make the incentive in electronic organizations. The models focus on the significance of re-appropriating complimentary administrations for the organizations. Moreover, the creators propose that the model contain productivity, complementarities, curiosity, and lock in factors. The four components decide the worth creation in e-business. The researchers accentuate that organizations ought to give clients interesting items and administrations to fulfill them. Thusly, the uniqueness of these items and administrations is accomplished by organizations through formulating new strategies to address new purchasers needs. Besides, model changes the merchandise and enterprises to fulfill the current clients necessities. The model spotlights on the alteration costs that purchasers bear to supplant the contenders products. The firm and colleagues satisfy the clients need(McGrath, 2010) .Moreover, clients profit by reserve funds, budgetary expenses, and e ndeavors of the organization. The worth creation model recommends that the fours elements impacts the companys money related execution. For example, the plan of action offers customized answers for the clients. Also, they reward clients with steadfastness projects and vouchers. The key accomplices impact the far reaching offers of products and ventures. The purchasers take an interest in items customization in this manner the model has cooperative energy impacts. The Killing Two Birds with one Stone article is applicable in light of the fact that it clarifies a plan of action as a framework just as a benefit model. It clarifies that a model empowers a firm to convey and create the companys items and administrations. Moreover, it centers around the practices and tasks of providers and clients. In this manner, it gives an upper hand and mitigates business risks(Porter, 2011). The benefit model produces incomes for the business in a transient period. The models expectation is to decrease expenses and increment benefits. Consequently, the article accentuates on the business framework and benefit model that quicken the development of the organization. Furthermore, the model gives ceaseless future learning and key item separation. The essentialness of discovering with respect to the fate of plans of action mirrors that innovation quickens the new plans of action. Moreover, advancement impacts the worth creation models since purchasers will make their installments electronically. The expanded utilization of distributed computing anticipate the future practices of plans of action. The plans of action will extemporize methods of connecting with virtual clients in future(Iyer, B., Davenport, T. H. , 2008). There will be low assembling costs in light of the fact that the organizations will tweak depending with the clients tastes and inclinations. There will be subjective difference in plan of action because of the sensors and portable advancements. Subsequently, the improved innovation will hone the future plans of action. Taking everything into account, the makers will take part in information driven advancement to sell their products and enterprises in the commercial center. The worth chain organizers will gather changed answers for their purchasers. The present plans of action will interest for consistent advancement to coordinate future interest and flexibly (Porter, 2011). Then again, a few merchandise and enterprises will require conventional methodologies of plans of action so as to make an incentive for buyers. The future plans of action will help the organization to work together with the vital accomplices, clients, and contenders. The discoveries mirror that the plans of action structure generally speaking business systems and tasks. As per Zott and Amitt, esteem chain exercises are specific errands that enterprises complete to convey item and administrations. Cooperating is the place firms meet up to cooperate with the point of decreasing expenses while organizing is associating with different organizations to create contracts. Static or cross sectional is the place an organization participates in tasks that don't change the productivity of the organization though powerful and longitudinal exercises result to expanded income and creation levels. Advancement process is making and executing new plans to improve conveyance strategy. Figure 1. A plan of action for making esteem References Kodama, M. (2005). Information creation through arranged vital networks: contextual investigations on new item advancement in Japanese organizations. Long Range Planning, 38(1), 27-49. Amit, R., Zott, C. (2001). Worth creation in e?business. Vital administration diary, 22(6?7), 493-520. Itami, H., Nishino, K. (2010). Solving two problems at once: benefit until further notice and learning for what's to come. Long Range Planning, 43(2), 364-369. Clark, K. B., Fujimoto, T. (2008). Item improvement execution: Strategy, association, and the board on the planet automobile industry. Harvard Business Press. Iyer, B., Davenport, T. H. (2008). Figuring out: Google's Innovation Machine. Harvard Business Review, 86(4). Magretta, J. (2002). Why plans of action matter. Watchman, M. E. (2011). Upper hand of countries: making and continuing predominant execution. Simon and Sc

How to Write a Sample of Essay on John Keats Ode on a Grecian Urn

How to Write a Sample of Essay on John Keats Ode on a Grecian UrnHow to write a sample of essay on John Keats ode on a Grecian Urn is a question that many students ask when they are learning Greek and Latin. While there are many helpful guides available online, I'm sure that some of you who are not interested in a travel guide to the world of ancient Greek and Latin will choose this essay as a good place to start with your assignments.The best way to learn anything in life is by experience. This is not something that you can simply memorize or master. I remember that when I was in high school, it seemed that I had all the skills required to pass my classes, but not the ability to read or understand complex texts. I learned everything I needed to know by being put in situations that forced me to use those skills.When I decided to teach myself to read, I chose samples of essays as a good place to start. A sample of the essay is basically an assignment in which you are expected to read the document from start to finish and answer the questions posed. To improve your reading speed, have a system of characters printed out and placed in front of you when you begin. Write down the proper way to spell each word you come across so that you have a reminder as you read.For instance, you may find yourself reading a passage from the Ode on a Grecian Urn, so the first question you need to answer is what that passage is about. The second question is what Keats was saying about this.If you feel at all nervous about answering these types of questions, you should look at some tips for effective introduction. Remember that the first chapter will be the most important. The last paragraph will introduce the main idea behind the essay, but let the introduction flow naturally. When you see the questions you need to answer, answer them without hesitation.While you're thinking about a passage, it's important to remember that 'Ode on a Grecian Urn' is actually about a famous poem called 'Mystictes'. Another good place to start is with poems from other writers like William Shakespeare. Though you may not have heard of him, if you've read any of his works, you probably know that he was fond of addressing these types of themes and figures.This essay sample will force you to use the language and style that Keats would have used, and it will help you learn how to construct a dissertation or thesis statement for your assignments. As you progress through your studies in college or even graduate school, you'll use the same strategies, though you may try to expand upon the work you do here. Good luck! And may Keats's muse guide you through the maze of his genius.

Professor of the Week, Mike Grandinetti [Financial Times]

Financial Times Professor of the Week Mike Grandinetti is professor of entrepreneurship, innovation, marketing and management at  Hult International Business School, where he has been awarded two global teaching excellence awards. He is also managing director of Southboro Capital Group. He joined Hult in September 2011. Prof Grandinetti was a C-level executive at five venture capital-backed start-ups, two of which had Nasdaq IPOs. He teaches corporate venturing at  Denmark Technical University. He also taught at  MIT  and served as judge in the MIT $100K entrepreneurship competition for 10 years. He has been active in a number of leading global mentor capital programmes, has been keynote speaker at innovation and venture capital events and is active on the TEDx speaker circuit. Prof Grandinetti worked at McKinsey and currently serves as adviser to businesses, universities and governments on a range of issues. He earned his MBA from  Yale School of Management, where he was named Jess Morrow Johns Memorial Scholar and was the first recipient of the Procter Gamble Marketing Leadership award. He has chosen to define the term â€Å"super angel†. Written by  Emma Boyde for the Financial Times. Read the article in full here.   Explore the complexities and challenges of the marketing world with Hults Masters in International Marketing. To learn more, take a look at our blog 7 careers you can pursue with a marketing degree in 2017, or get into broader business with a Masters in International Business instead. Download a brochure or get in touch today to find out how Hult can help you to explore everything about the business world, the future, and yourself. Related posts Academics Beyond (narrow) business concepts: â€Å"Soft† skills turn out to be critical skills News Building success: Dual Degree students win at USASBE Community How going beyond business at Hult helped me launch my company Admissions Accepted Students Weekend: A weekend to remember Careers Career mapping: How to become an executive in the next 5 years 0 Thought leadership How to prepare for an uncertain future in a world of AI Instagram Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. 📠¸: @jasminmanzano . Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. 📠¸: @jasminmanzano . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interests—students who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? 📠¸: @iambrunadiniz . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interests—students who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? 📠¸: @iambrunadiniz . We’re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, we’re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approach—Hult offers a student experience like no other. . We’re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, we’re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approach—Hult offers a student experience like no other. . â€Å"I’m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . â€Å"I’m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . â€Å"I’m excited for the future—especially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. We’re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.â€Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021 Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . â€Å"I’m excited for the future—especially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. We’re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.â€Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021"> During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what you’ve accomplished this year—and even this decade—and what you’d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what you’ve accomplished this year—and even this decade—and what you’d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. â€Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. I’ve completely reversed my leadership style—the result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and I’ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources I’ll get there.† . Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. I’ve completely reversed my leadership style—the result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and I’ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources I’ll get there.† . Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"It was now or never. I knew that I’d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didn’t take this opportunity. I’d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. I’ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. I’ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. I’m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ‘right’ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.† . Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"It was now or never. I knew that I’d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didn’t take this opportunity. I’d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. I’ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. I’ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. I’m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ‘right’ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.† . Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . Happy New Year, Hultians! . Happy New Year, Hultians! .

The Impact Of Cultural Imperialism And De-Westernization

Presentation report The topic of the presentation is Cultural imperialism and de-westernization. The term cultural imperialism can be defined as broad cultural effects of imperialism including colonialism, but more recently, it tends to have the imperialistic impact of global capitalism. Cultural imperialism is recognized as a kind of form of the Western hegemony in which a way of cultural power to dominate other national cultures throughout the world that is not only through the entertainment but also through all areas of culture that including food, dress as well as media (Crane, Kawashima and Kawasaki 2002, p.668). De-westernization is a word that can be explained as a way that eliminates and avoid the western perspectives and†¦show more content†¦There is a distinctive example of de-westernization illustrated in Fuchs’s article. There is no need for cultural homogenisation (Fuchs 2015, p.229), every country can have their own tradition like Bollywood film, the dan cing is a special characteristic of Bollywood film which is different from other countries’ movies. Fuchs and Sparks both mentioned about the economic developments in BRICS countries compared to that of the US together with other western countries. The figures all indicated that the BRICS countries have grown rapidly in recent years, especially in China. So this phenomenon indicates that BRICS countries are gradually occupying the world’s GDP, however, the Gini coefficient in BRICS countries remains high which means that there are high inequalities of annual income in these nations, inequality between capitalism and working class. Although the GDP of BRICS countries grown fast, the financial shares of information companies still dominated by the US which has three to five times larger than the combined BRICS information sectors (Fuchs 2015, p.231). What is more, as Sparks (Sparks 2013, p.124) mentioned in his article, the India media system has an expansion both in broadcasting and newspapers, it has a large number of readership and audiences which the US can not compete wit h. However, the US spent an abundant amount of expenditure on advertising which is about eight times larger than thatShow MoreRelatedThe Effect of Western Civilization and Culture in Africa5094 Words   |  21 Pagesoptions as a panacea for Africa to come out of its cultural logjam. Keywords: Colonialism, Culture, Development, Governance, Liberal Democracy, Missionary, Neoliberalism, Political System, Western Civilisation INTRODUCTION For a start, I argue that colonialism, slave trade and missionaries are the bastion of Western civilisation and culture in Africa. This is correct to the extent that colonialism serves as a vehicle of implantation of cultural imperialism in Africa. Colonialism, perceived in this contextRead MoreAmerican Popular Culture and Its Impact in a Globalized World8501 Words   |  35 Pagesits above-mentioned icons and its lifestyle of fast food and consumer goods tends to be received by foreign societies in a variety of differing ways. Terms such as Americanization, Westernization and even globalization are only a few of many that have been employed to label the phenomenon of Americas growing cultural dominance in the world. Decades of public discourse about this is-sue have shown that all these expressions are being used interchangeably by many. We will see below, however, thatRead MoreFinal Study Guide for Livanis Intl 1101 Essay3736 Words   |  15 PagesINTL 1101 Final Exam Study Guide Americanization - Consumerism, individualism - American products and values - Cultural imperialism? Trying to homogenize world? McDonaldization - Fast-food principles dominant in American and other societies - Uniform standards - Lack of human creativity - Dehumanization of social relations Infantilization - Benjamin Barber â€Å"consumed† - Against â€Å"ethos of infantilization† that sustains global capitalism - Turning of adults into childrenRead MoreSociology and Social Change6068 Words   |  25 Pageswith social change, moreover, prompted the early sociologists to conceive of developmental schemes to account for the transformation of society. We should bear in mind that the impressive advances of biology during the 19th Century, coupled with the impact of Charles Darwins theory of evolution, must have paved the way for the conception of society as an entity that goes through a succession of developmental stages.    For a while, the developmental approach to the study of social change was circumscribedRead MoreSociology and Social Change6058 Words   |  25 Pageswith social change, moreover, prompted the early sociologists to conceive of developmental schemes to account for the transformation of society. We should bear in mind that the impressive advances of biology during the 19th Century, coupled with the impact of Charles Darwins theory of evolution, must have paved the way for the conception of society as an entity that goes through a succession of developmental stages.    For a while, the developmental approach to the study of social change was circumscribedRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesParadigm for an Urban World †¢ Howard Spodek 53 3 Women in the Twentieth-Century World Bonnie G. Smith 83 4 The Gendering of Human Rights in the International Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century of Violence †¢ John H. Morrow Jr. 161 6 Locating the United States in Twentieth-Century World History †¢ Carl J. 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These theories test the empirical data of â€Å"honour killing† in the last decade and try to find their role in the society of Pakistan. This study also analyzes the â€Å"honour killing† cases in a different way by telling stories. SecondRead MoreThe Ottoman Empire ( 1299 ) Essay6958 Words   |  28 Pageswas his duty as the caliph of Islam. These expeditions brought him great popularity among world Muslims. But in the end, t he Ottomans were not successful in keeping the Portuguese away from the Indian Ocean region. S?leyman also embarked on vast cultural and architectural projects. During his reign Istanbul became the most culturally innovative city in the world, thanks mainly to the great works of the famous Turkish architect Sinan (1491?1588). Ottoman expansion continued under Selim II. The conquest

Compare and Contrast of 3 Sociology Theories - 1162 Words

Sociology is the study of society. Through the centuries, sociologists have tried to provide an explanation as to why and how humans interact with each other on a social basis. Sociologists have divided sociology into two levels, microsociology and macrosociology (Sociology). The level of microsociology studies is on a smaller perspective, as macrosociology is the study of society on a larger analysis. Today, sociology has three major theories: symbolic interactionism, functionalism and conflict. â€Å"Symbolic interaction refers to the patterns of communication, interpretation and adjustment between individuals,† (Baird and Kaufmann) humans will interpret different meanings in everyday life, from having a conversation or using their†¦show more content†¦Obviously a person of poor status would not be engaging with someone of a rich status. The more rich side of the population will gain more benefits from education and the business, providing the wants and needs to the ir dependents, creating a stronger backbone for their future. I believe, as an American, the theory that best explains our society would be functionalism. Our country solely depends on an infrastructure constructed by different branches of society working together to create a greater picture. We, as adults, pay for taxes that will supply our children with schooling, so one day they too can have a paying job to help out their children through school. The United States of America is quality example of functionalism, especially in the more massive cities like Manhattan or Chicago. Cities are dependent on the interdependent functions of society to keep their society on a sound level. Another aspect of functionalism is the organic solidarity which is most common in America because of the nation’s vast difference in ideals in everyday life which proves to keep the government and society in the middle, or never changing. In any case, if bankruptcy happens to a significant company, t he impact will be felt through society and the economy. This shows the flaws upon the theory because it does not consist with the concern of divorce or bankruptcy. As society has proven, we adapt and an independent role takes over, onceShow MoreRelatedSdffdgdfgfdg1230 Words   |  5 PagesSOC101-53: PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY LECTURE SUMMER 2013 OUTLINE – 8 WEEKS LOCATION: ONLINE LECTURE HOURS/CREDITS: 3/3 Nancy Reeves, Adjunct Instructor nreeves@gccnj.edu College Center: B-142 (856) 468-5000 ext. 6423 Office Hours: By Appointment Only It is the responsibility of the student to review the Online Syllabus at: http://www.gccnj.edu/academics/liberal_arts/syllabi.cfm. Additional information provided includes Core Competencies, Student Learning Outcomes, Topical OutlinesRead More9 Early Social Thinkers1197 Words   |  5 Pagesthe fact that he discovered the term Sociology. Comte is the founding father of sociology, he was the first to tell the world his belief on the matter; and that was that the world can be best understood. The world can be best understood, Augusts’ belief then became known as positivism. He wanted to show the world that this is the way society should be and that understands where different people come from. Since August Comte was the first to discover sociology, he paved the way for others to learnRead MoreSociology and Emile Durkheim2640 Words   |  11 PagesCompare and contrast the theories and methods of Emile Durkheim and Max Weber regarding social behavior. 1.Introduction Emile Durkheim and Max Weber are founding fathers of sociology and outstanding sociologists who made great contributions to the development of sociology and progress of human beings. Previous studies have been done about the theories and methods of Durkheim and Weber, and their works have also been studied for many times from different viewpoints, such as the nature of humanRead MoreDivision of Labor1397 Words   |  6 PagesDivision of Labor Introduction: The phrase â€Å"division of labor† has many different definitions that can be used in different contexts. The Encyclopedia of Sociology helps explore the many different ways division of labor can be defined, and recognizes that all major sociologists considered this topic to be fundamental in understanding modern society, and how it has came to be. (Borgatta Montgomery and Rhonda 2000). Some of these classical sociological thinkers expressed their own ideas of divisionRead MoreEnvironmental Psychology1009 Words   |  5 Pagespsychology, compare and contrast two major theoretical approaches, and explain the importance of research in the field of environmental psychology. The field of environmental psychology started in the 1960s and has come to light over the last four decades. It is a subfield of psychology that focuses on the study of the relationships between human behaviors as they are related to the environment. Environmental psychology works with other sciences, such as biology, geology, sociology, and philosophyRead Morecheat sheet1448 Words   |  6 Pagesother small interactions 3. 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Analysis Of The Letter From Birmingham Jail By Martin...

African American have been under slavery throughout 17th to 18th centuries. African American were deprived of the rights and equality. They were not free to do work on their own. They had to follow the order of white majority of the United States of America. Segregation was worst in southern part of the USA. Condition of African American in Birmingham was agonizing. To gain equal rights for African American Dr. King led a major protest, which was criticized by eight fellow clergymen, who criticized King’s act as â€Å"unwise and untimely†. In his letter, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, by Martin Luther King Jr., Dr. King present Counter argument against the eight fellow clergymen of Birmingham to persuade them to believe his argument is morally right. In response to clergymen’s statement â€Å"outsiders coming in† Dr. King argues them by saying that he has been invited to Birmingham, he is in Birmingham to eradicate injustice amongst African Ame rican; King argues against clergymen who examined King’s protest to be â€Å"untimely† by saying that they waited so long for the equal rights of African American but nothing happened, so he needed to take actions; clergymen has expressed a great deal of anxiety over King’s willingness to break law, King argues against this by saying that the law he has broken are unjust law and are meant to be broken, he differentiate just law and unjust law and says that he always obey just law and disobey unjust law. In order to persuade clergymen, Dr. KingShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr: An Analysis of the Letter from Birmingham Jail1184 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of the Letter from Birmingham Jail Written by Martin Luther King Jr., the â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† is a paragon of persuasive writing that takes advantage of ethos, pathos, and logos in order to convince its readers to take MLK’s side during the American civil rights movement. The use of ethos defines MLK as a credible writer; the use of pathos appeals to his audience on a personal level; and the use of logos layers his arguments and claims with irrefutable reasoning and logic.Read MoreAnalysis of Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail962 Words   |  4 Pagesintangible, it is still necessary. Some forms of inspiration come as passionate love while others appeal as injustice. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail was a response to A Call for Unity by eight white clergymen. His inspiration for writing the letter was the clergymens unjust proposals and the letter allowed him to present his rebuttal. Martin Luther King Jr. effectively crafted his counter argument by fi rst directly addressing his audience, the clergymen, and then using logosRead MoreSociological Analysis of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail1214 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Sociological Analysis of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail Abstract The paper analyses Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† from a sociological point of view and shows how three major theories (structural functionalism, social conflict, and symbolic interactionism) are treated in the letter. The paper shows different appreciation of King’s ideas and works by his contemporaries and modern people. It also explores the concepts of â€Å"nonviolentRead MoreAnalysis of Martin Luther King Jr. ´s Letter From Birmingham Jail771 Words   |  3 Pagesagainst the prejudice that they have to face, accomplish justice that every single one of them are fighting for. Dr. Martin Luther King, a leader of the protest against prejudice was able to pursue the rights for African American people. However eight of his fellow clergymen criticized his procedure to protest, but they still supported him. In the Letter from Birmingham Jail, King wanted to encourage others to rebel against the wrong, even if it is not wise it is right, he was optimistic and yetRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr s Letter From Birmingham Jail986 Words   |  4 Pages and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr’s Letter from Birmingham Jail are two important pieces of history. In Lincoln’s speech he speaks about the dangers of slavery in the United States and warned everybody that people who disrespected American laws could destroy the United States. On the other hand, Martin Luther King Jr. defended the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism, and argued that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws. Based on these facts, Martin Luther King Jr does notRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1399 Words   |  6 Pagesmade. For people who are oppressed, what they see as the greater good may be vastly different from the views of those who are unoppressed. Martin Luther King Jr. s, Letter from Birmingham Jail illustrates how a seemingly innocent attempt at gaining one s rights can be seen as controversial and wrong by others. King was put into jail because of the peaceful protests he led. To those who shared King s method of thought, nonviolence would have been the way to maximize the gains in society by allowingRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter From A Birmingham Jail1493 Words   |  6 Pageswould have disagreed with this assertion, and died in part to keep this idea from spreading. Socrates was sentenced to death by an Athenian court, though the punishment did not fit the crimes he was accused of. We assume that any knowingly innocent person would have escaped this sentence if given the opportunity and support to do so, yet Socrates refused to and died soon after. Over 2,000 years later, Martin Luther King is also imprisoned on petty crimes and sees his actions in line with SocratesRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1794 Words   |  8 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. s 1963 Letter from Birm ingham Jail, a rhetorical masterpiece, was written in response to eight clergymen’s statements condemning his nonviolent direct actions. He defends the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights nonviolent, direct action against individuals, institutions, and laws that look the other way while unjust racial prejudice against African Americans runs rampant in Birmingham. Using three main appeals, Ethos, Pathos, Logos, Dr. King communicates the struggleRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1251 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"A just law is a man-made code that squares with the moral law, or the law of God. An unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law.† (3) In 1963 in this particular statement made by Martin Luther King Jr. in his Letter from Birmingham Jail, he explained how man-made (white men) laws were created to persecute the black race, and how it is his duty to fight against such laws. He was the one who articul ated the progressive hope of many African Americans along with other â€Å"colored†Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr s Letter From Birmingham Jail1499 Words   |  6 Pagescritically we become acquainted with these concepts therefore become better writers ourselves. While learning about rhetorical writing and composition we have analyzed Billy Collins â€Å" Commencement Address at Choate- Rosemary Hall† , Martin Luther King Jr’s â€Å"letter from Birmingham Jail† and Lloyd Bitzer’s essay on â€Å"Rhetorical Situation†. In this paper I will analyze and make connections between the concepts of audience, genre and rhetorical situation in connection to the fore-mentioned readings. In doing

International Journal Business Management -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The International Journal Business Management? Answer: Introduction Cost accounting has an important role within the organizations and especially in the organizations that are linked to manufacturing businesses. The process includes the classification, allocation, recording, summarizing and the evaluation of the different opportunities that are present within the company so that the cost can be controlled. This results in keeping the costs low for the organizations and the increase in the profit level (Drury 2013). The companies like to apply the different systems of costing such as Activity Based Costing (ABC), the traditional method of costing system and the others that are present in the market. In the recent years, it can be seen that another method of costing that is Time Driven Activity Based Costing (TDABC) has also emerged in the market, which is being adopted by the companies. The costing system that is traditional in nature is used mostly by the companies, as it is very easy and consumes less amount of time. Nevertheless, in the recent year s, it was seen that the organizations are facing problems in applying the traditional method of costing system. This led to the development of TDABC in the year 2004 by Steven Anderson and Robert Kaplan so that the companies can remove the barriers that are present in applying the traditional method of costing and ABC (Kaplan et al. 2014). The main feature of this report is that it will help in analyzing and evaluating the various features that are present in TDABC and the suitability of it to be implemented within the company. The report will also contain the features, description and the contrasting between TDABC and ABC. Description of client One of the clients for the consultancy firm is Uggs-N-Rugs, which is a business that manufactures and sells ugg boots in Australia. The company was started in 1970 by Bronwyn and Bruce McDougall and used to purchase the products and sell it. Later they found out that the boots were not of the best quality, which led them to manufacture the products. The company noticed that there were many variances that were being used in the process of manufacturing. The founders decided to adopt and implement the TDABC within the manufacturing process so that it can help in the identification of the negative variances and can be eliminated as well from the system. Time Driven Activity Based Costing (TDABC) The concept of TDABC has been used so that it can help the companies in overcoming the difficulties that are present with the traditional method of costing system and in the ABC. In this process, it can be seen that the cost of all the resources that are used in the process of manufacturing are directly assigned by taking in to accounting two estimates that are 1) the time that is required with respect to the production of the units and 2) the per unit cost based on time for supplying the resources and the cost activities. The computation of the cost activities with the TDABC can be done by the six steps, which are as follows: The identification of the services and the activities The calculation of the costs that will be required for the entire groups of resources The time that is required in the computation of the groups of resources within the organization The groups of resources has to be calculated The calculation of time has to be done for each of the activities that are present in the manufacturing process Lastly, the unit cost of the groups of resources has to be multiplied with time that has been estimated with respect to the activities (McLaughlin et al. 2014) Features Regarding the TDABC, it can be stated that it also some features, which needs to be identified. These are as follows: In the process of TDABC, the cost accountants can allocate the costs to the different activities that are present in the business of manufacturing. Moreover, it also results in taking up of lesser time as well (Oker and Adiguzel 2016) The integration with the help of the resources that are available within the system along with Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) will result in the boost of the process of manufacturing within the organizations (Siguenza-Guzman et al. 2014) The production managers as well get immense help with respect to generating the reports on a monthly basis that are related with the activities required in operation in an accurate manner The costing system that is present in TDABC is more efficient that the traditional method of costing system and the ABC, as it helps in recording the utilization capacity of the manufacturing businesses in a proper manner The implementation of TDABC will help the production management in predicting the future demands of the organizations in an effective way (Oker and Adiguzel 2016) The adopting of TDABC will help[ the company in changing its costing model in to an inexpensive system so that it can result in more profit (Siguenza-Guzman et al. 2014) The implementation of this model is important, as the managers would get all the necessary information so that the problems can be solved that are present in the manufacturing process in a proper manner The primary feature of this model is that it can be used and implemented in almost all the kind of industries (Oker and Adiguzel 2015) Thus, TDABC has better features, which makes the model superior in nature when compared to the other models of costing system. Differences The TDABC model has differences as well when compared to the traditional system of costing. Additionally, it can be stated that there are major differences that are present between TDABC and ABC as well. The differences are as follows: ABC vs. TDABC system The method that is present in the ABC system is inaccurate in nature with respect to the American standards of accounting. The major areas for concern in the ABC system of costing is regarding the activities that takes place within the company and not on the expenses that the company is making (Rajabi and Dabiri 2012). On the other hand, the major concern in TDABC is regarding the identification of the capacities that are present within the departments of the company and the cost that is allocated by them towards those activities. It also helps in taking care after the capacity that is allocated with the groups of resources and the cost is also calculated that is based on the time for the activities to be performed. In the ABC model, the allocation of the costs is done on the different drivers that are present with it. The cost pool can be considered as the total cost that is related with the drivers and the activities, which affects the performance and the cost activities (Hardan an d Shatnawi 2013). In the TDABC approach, there is a declination in demand for the work within the departments and the processes that are present will help the production managers in computing the estimates in releasing the part of the resources. Thus, it can be implied that using the TDABC model will help in catching the various characteristics that are present in the cost activities and in the timeframe. The indirect costs that are assigned to the activity in the process of ABC will help in formulating the objective value that is present with cost. In TDABC model, the formulation of the equation can be done based on the cost and time that is needed with each of the activities (Emblemsvag and Bras 2012). Additionally, it will take in to consideration the six steps for the calculation process. TDABC vs. Traditional Approach The major differences in the in the traditional system of costing is that it is very easy to implement where as TDABC uses complex formats that are difficult for the organization to implement it. The traditional method of costing takes in to consideration the cost objectives and the resources that are being used in the process of manufacturing by the companies that help in estimating the cost of the various activities. On the other hand, in TDABC it can be seen that the activities of cost depends on the activities that are not taken up in the cost objectives (Rumble 2012). The management that is in the companies adopts the system of TDABC, as there are high levels of overheads along with the various miscellaneous items that are used within the companies. This can be done by using a reliable and an accurate system of management, which will help in managing the organizational costs in a better manner. However, the traditional system of costing uses the pool of single overhead that is o f no help in estimating the cost in a true manner. The costing system that is traditional in nature uses the object allocation in a arbitrary manner along with the labor and machine hours (Cooper 2017). The identification of the products that helps in estimating the expenses such as salaries and depreciation are included in the method of TDABC and in traditional method as well. Moreover, in the method of TDABC, the accountants also take in to consideration the cost of production that is based on the feedbacks received from the customers. The implementation of this method will help in decreasing the cost of production so that production can be increased (Cohen 2014). Suitability of TDABC The above discussion helps in identifying the major differences that are in TDABC along with its features. It is necessary to gain a better understanding of TDABC so that it can be used up in the manufacturing industry. The suitability of this method is as follows: This method helps the organizations in gaining a better knowledge with respect to the cost activities and helps the the company in taking the decisions by using the strategies that will help the manufacturing industry (Schulze, Seuring and Ewering 2012) The other benefit hat can be enjoyed by the organization after the implementation of TDABC is that it will help in illustrating the capacity to be used up and supplied. The process of calculating the time so that the different activities can be carried out in a better way. It will also provide support to the managers so that the costs can be managed in an efficient manner within the organization. This will result in providing better idea to the company with respect to the workloads that need to be increased in the different departments (Rumble 2012) It also results in taking in to consideration the Enterprise Human Resource Management Planning along with the cost calculation in an accurate manner so that it can help in proper transactions within the organization. TDABC can be implemented so that the cost of distribution can be calculated, which will help in building the relationship between the companies and the customers (Hoozie 2013 Most importantly, the companies are able to take better decisions through this model in a proper manner. It will help the companies in identifying the process of business, which are of complex nature so that the customers can be negotiated in an effective manner (Carli and Canavari 2013) The use of the TDABC model also helps the organization in the identification of the cost opportunities, which will help in increasing the entire production process. Moreover, the company will be able to increase its production capacity as well (Namazi 2016) This model can also be updated continuously with the operations that are being done by the company The discussion that has been done above will help in understanding the the utility of TDABC in the organizations. This model has to be taken up Uggs-N-Rugs so that the amount of output can be increased by lowering the cost of production. This will ensure that the efficiency level within the company can be increased. Conclusion Thus it can be concluded that TDABC is a new approach in the cost accounting methods within the organizations. It includes certain features so that the costs can be assigned to the different activities and integration can be done with the help of ERP system. It shows that TDABC is superior to the other methods, as it helps in estimating the overhead costs with various products. Reference List Carli, G., Canavari, M. (2013). Introducing direct costing and activity based costing in a farm management system: A conceptual model.Procedia Technology,8, 397-405. Cohen, M. X. (2014).Analyzing neural time series data: theory and practice. MIT Press. Cooper, R. (2017).Target costing and value engineering. Routledge. Drury, C. M. (2013).Management and cost psychology. Springer. Emblemsvg, J., Bras, B. (2012).Activity-based cost and environmental management: a different approach to ISO 14000 compliance. Springer Science Business Media. Hardan, A. S., Shatnawi, T. M. (2013). Impact of applying the ABC on improving the financial performance in telecom companies.International Journal of Business and Management,8(12), 48. Hooze, S. (2013). Designing time-driven activity-based costing systems.The routledge companion to cost management, 126. Kaplan, R. S., Witkowski, M., Abbott, M., Guzman, A. B., Higgins, L. D., Meara, J. G., ... Wertheimer, S. (2014). Using Time?Driven Activity?Based Costing to Identify Value Improvement Opportunities in Healthcare.Journal of Healthcare Management,59(6), 399-413. McLaughlin, N., Burke, M. A., Setlur, N. P., Niedzwiecki, D. R., Kaplan, A. L., Saigal, C., ... Kaplan, R. S. (2014). Time-driven activity-based costing: a driver for provider engagement in costing activities and redesign initiatives.Neurosurgical focus,37(5), E3. Namazi, M. (2016). Time-driven activity-based costing: Theory, applications and limitations.Iranian Journal of Management Studies,9(3), 457. ker, F., Ad?gzel, H. (2016). Time?driven activity?based costing: An implementation in a manufacturing company.Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance,27(3), 39-56. Rajabi, A., Dabiri, A. (2012). Applying activity based costing (ABC) method to calculate cost price in hospital and remedy services.Iranian journal of public health,41(4), 100. Rumble, G. (2012).The costs and economics of open and distance learning. Routledge. Rumble, G. (2012).The costs and economics of open and distance learning. Routledge. Schulze, M., Seuring, S., Ewering, C. (2012). Applying activity-based costing in a supply chain environment.International Journal of Production Economics,135(2), 716-725. Siguenza-Guzman, L., Van den Abbeele, A., Vandewalle, J., Verhaaren, H., Cattrysse, D. (2014). Using Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing to support library management decisions: A case study for lending and returning processes.The Library Quarterly,84(1), 76-98

The Assassination of a President free essay sample

A look at President Kennedys assassination and the conspiracy theories that abound. This is a study of the elements of President Kennedys assassination and the conspiracy theories that correlate. The author examines the evidence available on Kennedys assassination and lists possible conclusions. One of the most controversial topics in America for the 20th century was the assassination of President John F. We will write a custom essay sample on The Assassination of a President or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Kennedy in Dallas, Texas. The 35th American President was pronounced dead due to a gunshot wound at approximately 1pm Dallas time on November 22, 1963. As shocked as the nation was at the sudden loss of their beloved President, rumors on the uncertainty of his death were even more appalling. A country already under the scare of the Cold War was faced with doubts on the reliability of their government. After the assassination, officials arrested Lee Harvey Oswald and charge him as the sole gunman responsible for the shot to the back of President John F. Kennedys head, as well as the shot that wounded Governor Connally of Texas, who was a passenger in front of the President. In the days following the event, many would doubt all the facts listed in the previous sentence.

The Changeling Essay Example

The Changeling Essay He believes he loves her and this over rides any other consideration, despite the advice of his servants that to travel now would be the best option. This reinforces the theme of lust and love causing the characters to make rash decisions. Alsemero declares his love for Beatrice almost immediately, Beatrice response to this is also ironic: Our eyes are sentinels unto our judgments, And should give certain judgment what they see; But they are rash sometimes, and tell us wonders Of common things, which when our judgments find, They can then check the eyes, and call them blind Beatrice states that it is important to be weary of decided on first appearances; one should not just trust the eyes but should make a reasoned judgement. However neither Beatrice nor Alsemero do this, again reinforcing the theme of irrational passions and behaviour. Her words are hollow as they are at odds with her actual behaviour which follows what her eyes tell her. Beatrice later states, after reflecting on Alsemeros choice of friendship: Methinks I love now with the eyes of judgment Little has changed since their last meeting yet Beatrice believes she is acting rationally. This also brings in the recurring use of the imagery of sight, eyes and blindness to reflect the theme of Appearance vs. Reality and as a metaphor for reason and judgement. Unreasoned emotion is also portrayed through the relationship between Deflores and Beatrice. The contempt and disgust Beatrice-Joanna feels for her fathers servant is somewhat unfounded, as Deflores states: She knows no cause fort but a peevish will. We will write a custom essay sample on The Changeling specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Changeling specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Changeling specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although disfigured and only a servant whereas she is daughter of a nobleman, Beatrice has no reason to dislike Deflores. Her irrational hatred, or peevish will has no basis and emphasizes the view that Beatrice has little rational control over her emotions and a lack of reason, nor does she understand such emotion. As the scene ends Beatrice drops her glove on the floor, and her father instructs Deflores to pick it up, It is unclear whether this is intended for Alsemero or Deflores, or whether it was accidental. However it appears purposeful and underlines the idea of Beatrices sub conscious feelings manifesting themselves and her inability to control them. Beatrice admits she has overwhelming feelings for Alsemero but that her hatred for Deflores is perhaps even stronger. One may interpret that what she sees as vehement disgust for Deflores is actually underlined by a subconscious sexual attraction to him, one she cannot control. Sexual overtones are prevalent throughout the play, for example in Deflores description of the glove or Alibius use of the ring as imagery for intercourse.

Arizona V Johnson Essays

Arizona V Johnson Essays Arizona V Johnson Paper Arizona V Johnson Paper Arizona v Johnson (2009) 129 S. Ct. 781 Date of Judgment: January 26, 2009 INTRODUCTION In 2002, Lemon Montrea Johnson was the passenger in the backseat of a car stopped for a traffic violation. Johnson was charged with; inter alia, possession of drugs and possession of a weapon by a felon. These items were discovered during a protective pat-down search of Johnson. Johnson was convicted by the trial court. Johnson argued that his conviction should be overturned because the trial court was in error by denying his motion to suppress the evidence. He argued that he had been unlawfully â€Å"seized† because being a passenger in a vehicle does not automatically constitute â€Å"seizure. † He furthered argued that even if he had been â€Å"seized,† that by the time Officer Trevizo searched him he was no longer â€Å"seized† as their conversation had become consensual. Furthermore, the evidence should not be considered because the search violated his Fourth Amendment rights and because the officer had no reasonable suspicion that criminal activity was occurring as mandated by Terry v Ohio. On September 10, 2007, the Arizona Court of Appeals overturned the conviction. The court concluded that Trevizo had no right to pat Johnson down even though she believed he was armed and dangerous. The court held that Johnson, although legally detained, had evolved into consensual conversation with officer Trevizo regarding his gang affiliation. This conversation was not connected to the traffic stop of the driver; therefore, the officer may not conduct a pat-down without reasonable cause to believe that â€Å"criminal activity may be afoot. On appeal to the United States Supreme Court, the state argued that police officers should have the right to conduct a pat-down search if they believe the person may be armed and dangerous. On June 23, 2008 the United States Supreme Court granted the State’s petition for a writ of certiorari. The question presented in this case is do police officers have the authority to â€Å"stop and frisk† a passenger in a motor vehicle temporar ily detained upon police detection of a traffic infraction on the basis they believe the person may be armed and dangerous, even when there is no reasonable suspicion of criminal activity? The Supreme Court decided that yes an officer’s reasonable belief that a person is armed and dangerous is sufficient for performing a pat-down search. They established that a Terry â€Å"stop† is met when police lawfully detain a vehicle and its occupants on a traffic violation. The police do not have to believe anyone in the vehicle is involved in criminal activity. A Terry â€Å"frisk† is justified if police reasonably believe the person may be armed and dangerous. Although this case is based on conditions of a traffic stop, one has to wonder if this will open the door to intrusive searches by officers in varying situations. FACTS On April 19, 2002, Officer Maria Trevizo and Detectives Machado and Gittings, members of Arizona’s gang task force, were patrolling in the Tucson neighborhood Sugar Hill, an area associated with the Crips gang. Around 9 p. m. , they pulled over a vehicle after a license plate check revealed its registration had been suspended for mandatory insurance law. The vehicle had three occupants, the driver, a passenger in the front seat, and Lemon Montrea Johnson, respondent, in the back seat. At the time of the stop, the officers had no reason to suspect anyone in the vehicle of criminal activity. The officers walked toward the car. Machado told the occupants to keep their hands in sight. He inquired if there were any weapons in the vehicle, all three said no. Machado instructed the driver to get out of the car. Gittings talked to the front seat passenger, who remained in the vehicle throughout the duration of the traffic stop. Machado interviewed the driver regarding the insurance and registration. Trevizo dealt with Johnson. As Officer Trevizo approached the vehicle, she noticed Johnson alternately watching the officers and commenting to the front seat passenger. This alerted Officer Trevizo. When she drew closer to the vehicle, she noticed Johnson wearing a blue bandana, the chosen color of the Crips. Additionally, she observed that Johnson had a police scanner in his jacket, which she found to be unusual and cause for concern, as† most people† would not carry a scanner â€Å"unless they’re going to be involved in some kind of criminal activity or [are] going to try to evade the police by listening to the scanner. † Trevizo questioned Johnson, who did not have any identification with him but he did provide his name and date of birth. He also stated he was from Eloy, Arizona, a known home to the Crips. Johnson revealed he was a convicted felon who had served prison time for burglary. These factors led Officer Trevizo to believe Johnson may have been a gang member. Officer Trevizo wanted to gather intelligence about the gang Johnson may have been in, as gathering intelligence was one of her main missions in the task force. Officer Trevizo wished to question Johnson away from the others and asked Johnson to get out of the car. Johnson complied. Officer Trevizo was trained extensively as a gang task force officer and knew gang members generally tend to carry a gun. She was concerned for her safety, but did not have a reasonable indication that â€Å"Johnson was engaged in or about to engaged in criminal activity. † When Johnson got out of the car, Trevizo â€Å"patted him down for officer safety. † While patting Johnson down, Trevizo discovered a gun. At that time, Johnson began to struggle. Officer Trevizo hand cuffed Johnson. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND A. Trial Court Johnson was charged with possession of a weapon by a prohibited possessor, possession of marijuana, and resisting arrest. On October 31, 2005, Johnson filed a motion to suppress evidence found on his person during the pat-down search. The motion was denied. In November, 2005, Johnson was found guilty of the weapons charge as well as possession of marijuana, but not of resisting arrest. He was sentenced to eight years and one year concurrently. B. Arizona Court of Appeals Johnson appealed. The Arizona Court of Appeals in State v Johnson reversed the conviction. The majority held that Johnson was lawfully detained at the time of the stop; however, the conversation between Trevizo and Johnson had turned into a consensual one that was unrelated to the traffic stop. Since Trevizo had no indication that criminal activity was occurring, she had no right pat Johnson down even if she believed he was armed and dangerous. The court referred to Terry v Ohio finding that a Terry stop allows officers to conduct a pat-down search in order to protect the officers, a consensual search does not as they stated in Ilono H: â€Å"Terry and its Supreme Court progeny addressed the propriety of a pat-down search exclusively in the context of a lawful investigatory stop. We do not read those cases to authorize a pat-down search as part of a mere consensual encountereven hen an officer may have grounds to believe the targets of the encounter are potentially armed and dangerous. † The court also drew upon the Supreme Court’s holding in Brendlin v California to determine if Johnson had been lawfully seized. In Brendlin v California, â€Å"a passenger is seized when the vehicle in which he or she is riding in is lawfully stopped by police. However, Johns on contended that even though he had been seized that was no longer the case because it had turned into a â€Å"consensual encounter before Trevizo patted him down. The court cited cases that stated a traffic stop may become consensual â€Å"when officers return the license or registration to a stopped driver, issue the driver a citation or warning, or tells the driver he or she is free to go† or â€Å"asks questions without further constraining the driver by an overbearing show of authority. † The court could not find any case law to establish that point with a passenger, but they reasoned that common sense suggests that at some point the passenger should be free to walk away. To decide when that point was, they applied a standard of reasonableness. The court elaborated on what was a consensual encounter. They considered a consensual encounter is if a person cooperates with the police voluntarily, answering non-coercive questioning. Additionally, if that person is free to leave at any time, he or she is not seized under the Fourth Amendment. Furthermore, the court stated that the encounter would not be consensual if the person did not feel free to leave. In Johnson’s case, the reason Officer Trevizo wished to speak with Johnson to learn more about his gang affiliation, not about the traffic stop and Trevizo testified that Johnson was free to leave at any time. The court stated that Trevizo could have ordered the passengers out of the car, but she did not. Trevizo had also stated that Johnson could have refused to get out of the car. Arizona case law agrees that a Terry stop can evolve into a consensual encounter as in State v Navarro. In Navarro’s case, a suspect in a shooting was taken into custody during a valid Terry stop, but the court determined it evolved into a consensual encounter because the suspect had not been â€Å"confront[ed] and surround[ed] at the initial detention† His handcuffs were removed and he voluntarily agreed to go (unfrisked and in the officer’s front seat) down town with the officer to talk about the shooting. In comparing the cases, the court believed Navarro was subjected to a greater level of coercion than Johnson. After examining every aspect of Johnson’s encounter with Trevizo, the court determined that Johnson’s getting out of the car to talk to Trevizo was consensual. They stated any â€Å"reasonable person in Johnson’s position and under these circumstances would have felt he could have remained in the vehicle. † They acknowledged that Trevizo had a reason to believe Johnson was armed and dangerous (clothing, scanner, hometown) but that fact alone did not give her the right to pat Johnson down in a consensual encounter. They determined that the trial court made an error when they chose not to suppress the evidence found. They reversed Johnson’s convictions and sentences and remanded the case for further proceedings. Judge Espinosa dissented. He found it unrealistic to conclude that just because Trevizo did not use coercion and Johnson volunteered to talk to her, made the encounter evolve into a consensual encounter. Consequently, Trevizo, fearing for her safety and the safety of others, could not legally conduct a pat-down search. The dissent noted that in Ilono H. the right to conduct a pat-down search should be dependent on the legality of the original Terry stop. Additionally, the dissent stated Arizona courts had many cases affirming the right of an officer to conduct a pat-down search when there is reasonable concern for his safety, as in State v Riley where a passenger was patted down during a traffic stop, in State v Valle where a passenger was patted down after he reached for his waistband when he was asked if he had a weapon, and in Adams v Williams that stated an â€Å"The purpose of this limited search is not to discover evidence of crime, but to allow the officer to pursue his investigation without fear of violence. The dissent continued that this was a legal traffic stop and since Officer Trevizo believed Johnson was armed and was a threat to her as well as the others; therefore she had the right to conduct a pat-down search of Johnson. The Arizona Supreme Court denied review. C. United States Supreme Court The State of Arizona appealed. The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari and reversed the judgment of the Arizona Cou rt of Appeals. They began by looking at Terry v Ohio. The police must have a reasonable belief that a person is engaged in criminal activity in order to stop him or her and a reasonable suspicion that the person temporarily detained is armed and dangerous in order to frisk him or her â€Å"stop and frisk. † â€Å"Because a limited search of outer clothing for weapons serves to protect both the officer and the public, a pat-down is constitutional. † With traffic stops being short in nature, similar to the detention authorized in Terry, the threat of danger to the police officer is heightened who is authorized to reduce the risk by taking â€Å"unquestioned command of the situation. To elaborate on Johnson being in a Terry situation, the court referred to Pennsylvania v Mimms which held that it does not violate the Fourth Amendment â€Å"because the governments legitimate and weighty interest in officer safety outweighs the de minimis additional   [**699]  intrusion of requiring a driver, already lawfully stopped, to e xit the vehicle. † Once outside the vehicle, Terry v Ohio states the driver can be then be patted down if there is suspicion he is armed and dangerous. The Mimms rule pertains to passengers as well as to drivers. They both have the same motivation to steer clear of being arrested for more significant crimes than traffic related offenses they have the same motivation to use violence to avoid such arrest. The safety of the officer outweighs the â€Å"minimal† intrusion of being asked to get out of the car and all the occupants of the vehicle have already been seized by nature of the car stop. The Supreme Court held that the Arizona court was in error in believing that Trevizo and Johnson’s encounter had evolved into a consensual encounter. Trevizo had not told Johnson he was free to leave nor did she inform him he did not have to cooperate with her and answer her questions. In other words, she did not give Johnson any reason to believe that her interrogation was consensual. Furthermore, a lawful roadside stop begins when the vehicle is pulled over and ends when police no longer need to control the situation at which time they inform the driver and passengers they are free to leave. A reasonable passenger would understand that as long as the car was seized, he was seized as well. The fact that Johnson was being interrogated about matters other than traffic would not change that understanding. Nothing had happened in the encounter before the frisk that would lead Johnson to believe he was free to leave without the officer’s permission. In a unanimous decision written by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the Supreme Court reversed the Arizona Court of Appeals. Arizona v Johnson was reversed and remanded. The Court held that Johnson’s encounter was not consensual and did not violate his Fourth Amendment rights. The court opined: valid traffic stops give officers the right to detain the driver and passengers for the duration of the stop; drivers and passengers may be removed from the vehicle with no additional justification; occupants may be asked for identification; if the officer reasonably believes the person may be armed and dangerous, he may conduct a pat-down search (even if he does not believe the person has been or is engaged in criminal activity); officers may inquire or converse about matters other than the traffic stop without it turning in to a consensual encounter as long as it does not â€Å"meaningfully prolong† the traffic stop. LEGAL BACKGROUND The Fourth Amendment to the Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution states: â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. † When the Fourth Amendment law was created, no one could have predicted the controversy that would follow in this era of mobility. The first time the Court had to address how the Fourth Amendment applies to searches of automobiles was in 1925, Carroll v United States. Two men were suspected of bootlegging. The police pulled them over and discovered illegal liquor in the trunk of their automobile. The defendants argued there was no warrant served allowing police to search their vehicle, therefore, the evidence should be suppressed. The Court disagreed, reasoning it was impractical to obtain a warrant due the mobility of an automobile. The Court noted difference between buildings and automobiles. Automobiles have the ability to leave the jurisdiction, taking the evidence with them, before a warrant could be obtained. The ruling in Carroll v United States enacted warrantless searches of vehicles are permissible if there was â€Å"probable cause† to believe contraband could be in the vehicle and belief that the vehicle could be moved before the officer could get a warrant. This became known as the â€Å"automobile exception. † The Court had created distinct guidelines for searching, with or without warrant. Now they needed to determine a clear definition of seizure. The benchmark case to define seizure is Terry v Ohio. The â€Å"stop and frisk† procedure was formally created in the case of Terry v Ohio. In October, 1963 a police officer observed two suspicious acting men standing on a street corner. One of the men would leave, walk down the street, look carefully in store windows, continue walking, turn around and look in the same windows again, and return to the corner to talk to the other man again. The second man did the same thing. In fact, they went back and forth six times. The police officer found this behavior highly bizarre and believed they were going to rob the store they had been observing. This led him to believe they were probably armed as well. He followed the men around the corner, where they were meeting with a third man. He approached them and asked their names. They mumbled incoherently. The officer grabbed the man in the middle (Terry) and patted down the outside of his clothing. He found a pistol in the left breast pocket of his jacket, but he could not retrieve it, so he asked them to go into the store. He removed Terry’s jacket and retrieved the pistol. The officer patted down the second man and found a pistol on him as well. The third man did not have a weapon on him. The men were taken into custody and charged with carrying a concealed weapon. Terry moved that the evidence should be suppressed as the evidence found was the result of an illegal search which violated his Fourth Amendment rights. The judge denied this motion stating that the officer’s experience granted enough cause to conduct an interrogation. The defense appealed to the Supreme Court. The main issue the Supreme Court had to deal with was whether or not Terry’s Fourth Amendment rights had been violated by unreasonable search and seizure. They held what came to be known as â€Å"stop and frisk,† which contained two parts. First, an officer may stop a person if he has â€Å"reasonable suspicion,† based on articulable facts that the person has committed or is in the process of committing a crime. The existence of reasonable suspicion depends on the overall view of the circumstances, including the† information known to the officer† and any â€Å"reasonable inferences to be drawn at the time of the stop. † This â€Å"investigative stop† does not require â€Å"probable cause† found the Fourth Amendment’s warrant clause. Probable cause in short is a reasonable belief that a person has committed a crime. † In determining what is probable cause . . . [w]e are concerned only with the question whether the affiant had reasonable grounds at the time of his affidavit . . . for the belief that the law was being violated on the premises to be searched; and if the apparent facts set out in the affidavit are such that a reasonably discreet and prudent man would be led to believe that there was a commission of the offense charged, there is probable cause justifying the issuance of a warrant. A person, within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, is seized â€Å"whenever a police officer accosts an individual and restrains his freedom to walk away. † They also determined that patting down the outer clothing is a â€Å"search† under that Amendment. Second, to proceed from the â€Å"stop† to the â€Å"frisk† â€Å"a reasonably prudent officer must believe that he or others are in d anger, then he may make a reasonable search of the person that he believes is armed and dangerous, regardless if he is certain the person is armed or regardless of whether or not he has cause to arrest the person. They stated that police must have probable cause and when possible have a warrant to search. In on-the-spot cases, however, it is not practical to obtain a warrant. The officer in the Terry case did have reason to suspect the men were armed. Therefore, the Supreme Court affirmed Terry’s conviction. Elaborating on whether or not a person has been seized is found in United States v Mendenhall. The Court held that a person is seized â€Å"if, in view of all the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave. On February 10, 1976, Sylvia Mendenhall flew in to the Detroit Metropolitan Airport on a flight from Los Angeles. DEA agents observed her behavior as suspicious as if she were possibly carrying illegal drugs. The agents approached her and asked for identification and her airline ticket. Her airline ticket showed her name as â€Å"Annette Ford. † When questioned, she responded she just felt like using that name. Agent Anderson asked Mendenhall to go with him to the airport DEA office. She did. He asked her if she would allow him to search her handbag, clearing stating she did not have to if she did not want to. She handed him the handbag. A female officer arrived to search her person. Before proceeding, the officer asked Mendenhall if she consented to being searched which she responded she did. When heroin was found, she was arrested. The District Court denied Mendenhall’s motion to suppress, since she had consented to the search. The question to the Supreme Court was whether or not Mendenhall was â€Å"seized† when the DEA agents first approached her and requested her identification. The Court concluded that a person has been â€Å"seized† if considering all the circumstances, a reasonable person in that situation, would believe he did not have the freedom to leave. According to Mendenhall, without â€Å"reasonable suspicion† law enforcement may make consensual contact with a person. The person does don have to answer any questions. As long as he or she is free to walk away, the encounter does not violate any liberties granted in the Fourth Amendment. In Pennsylvania v Mimms, the Court held that an officer may order a driver out of the car, provided the traffic stop was lawful. Two Philadelphia policemen were patrolling when they noticed a car with an expired license. They pulled the car over to ticket the driver for driving with expired tags. One of the officers asked the driver, Mimms, to step out of the vehicle to provide his license and registration. Upon doing so, the officer noticed a â€Å"bulge under his jacket. † The officer frisked Mimms and found a loaded 38-caliber revolver. Mimms was charged and convicted with carrying a concealed deadly weapon and unlawfully carrying a firearm without a license in the trial court. Mimms moved to suppress the evidence. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court reversed the conviction after determining that the way the gun was discovered was a violation of the Fourth Amendment. They held that the officer’s request for Mimms to get out of the car was an unlawful seizure, protected against in the Fourth Amendment. â€Å"This was so because the officer could not point to â€Å"objective observable facts to support a suspicion that criminal activity was afoot or that the occupants of the vehicle posed a threat to police safety. † They continued that the officer should have never had the opportunity to notice the bulge; therefore, the search should have never taken place. The United States Supreme Court did not agree with the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. The Court referred to Terry v Ohio as setting the standard of whether the facts available to the officer at the moment of the seizure or the search `warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that the action taken was appropriate there is little doubt that the officer was justified. The Court stated â€Å"the officers safety outweighs the additional intrusion of the driver to get out of the car which was â€Å"de minimis† since he was already detained by the traffic stop. The Court reversed the decision of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. Maryland v Wilson extended the ruling of Pennsylvania v Mimms that an officer may order the driver out of the car, to passengers as well. A Maryland state trooper pulled over a speeding car on I-95 in Baltimore County. The officer noticed the passenger, Wilson, sweating and appearing to be very nervous. The officer ordered Wilson to get out of the car . When he did, a quantity of cocaine fell on the ground. Wilson was charged with possession of cocaine with intent to deliver. The Baltimore County Circuit Court granted the motion to suppress the evidence stating that ordering Wilson to get out of the car violated his Fourth Amendment rights, constituting an unreasonable seizure. The Maryland Court of Special Appeals affirmed. The United States Supreme Court had to decide whether or not the ruling in Mimms should be extended to include passengers. The Court held that the ruling should extend to the passengers as the â€Å"additional intrusion of exiting the vehicle as â€Å"de minimis† in comparison to the officer’s safety. The Court reasoned that a passenger would have the same motivation as a driver prevent additional crimes from being discovered during the stop, thereby, bringing the threat of violence from the passenger. The Arizona Court of Appeals relied on two Arizona cases they felt set precedent in this case, State v Navarro and In re Ilono H. In Navarro, a shooting had taken place. A few hours later, police stopped a car near the sc ene of the shooting. One of the passengers met the description of the shooter. He was handcuffed then questioned by the police. After conversing ith the police, they removed the handcuffs and asked Navarro to go with an officer to the police station. Navarro agreed to go with the officer. He was allowed to sit, unrestrained, in the front seat with the officer. Navarro was not told he was free to go, nor did he express a desire to leave. At the police station, Navarro was left in the interrogation room unattended, while the officer went to buy him a drink. Navarro agreed to have his testimony taped, his photograph taken, and to be fingerprinted. Navarro signed consent forms and admitted he was aware of his Miranda rights. This led to the conviction of Navarro. Navarro argued the evidence was illegally obtained. Navarro argued the legal detention had evolved into an illegal arrest when he went with the officer to the station. The court held that Navarro was neither in custody, nor under arrest when he agreed to go to the police station because â€Å"under the circumstances, a reasonable, innocent person would have felt free to decline the officer’s request to accompany him for questioning downtown. † In Ilono H. , two policemen approached five people in a park who were known for drug activity. They were dressed in red, a color associated with gang activity. After talking with the individuals, officers conducted pat down searches of the youth because gang members often carry weapons. The pat-down revealed Ilono had a 40-ounce beer on him. He was arrested for illegal possession of alcohol. In a search incident to the arrest, cocaine was found in Ilono’s pocket. Ilono was convicted. On appeal to the Arizona Court of Appeals, the court determined that a Terry frisk is only allowed when the officer believes the person is, or will be in the near future, engaged in criminal activity. The court found that this was a consensual encounter, which an officer may initiate but it may be terminated at any point if the person so desires. The court held that the officers did not have a right to make an investigatory stop because they had no reasonable belief Ilono had committed or was committing a crime; therefore, the pat-down search was illegal in this consensual encounter. The two most recent Supreme Court cases setting important precedent in Arizona v Johnson is Knowles v Iowa and Brendlin v California. In Knowles v Iowa, Knowles was pulled over for speeding. In lieu of an arrest, the officer issued Knowles a citation. After issuing the citation, the officer searched the vehicle. He found marijuana along with a pipe and charged him with possession. The issue at hand was, considering the officer had not made an arrest, did he have the authority to conduct the search consistent with the Fourth Amendment? The Court said â€Å"no. † The issue at hand was not the subject referred to by the Court in Arizona v Johnson. The issue brought up was that the Court in that case stated â€Å"that officers who conduct ‘routine traffic stop[s]’ many ‘perform a pat-down of a driver and any passengers upon reasonable suspicion that they may be armed and dangerous. In Brendlin, the Court held that a passenger is seized, according to the Fourth Amendment, just as the driver is seized. On November 27, 2001 in Sutter County, California, Bruce Brendlin was a passenger in a vehicle pulled over for an expired registration. The officer had inquired about the registration earlier in the day while th e car was parked. He had been informed that the renewal was being processed and the temporary registration was displayed in the back window was legal. While addressing the driver, Karen Simeroth, the officer recognized Brendlin as one of the â€Å"Brendlin Brothers. † The officer was certain he was a parole violator. After verifying that indeed Brendlin was a parole violator, the officer called for backup, ordered Brendlin out of the car at gunpoint, and arrested him and the driver. In the search incident to arrest, the officer found a syringe cap on Brendlin, syringes and marijuana on Simeroth, and methamphetamine along with equipment used to manufacture the drug in the vehicle. Brendlin argued to suppress the evidence stating that he was unlawfully seized by the traffic stop because the officer did not have probable cause to make the stop. Brendlin was denied by the trial court as they stated Brendlin was not seized until the officer ordered him out of the car and therefore did not have the right to challenge the legality of the stop. The California Court of Appeals reversed the decision made by the trial court. This court found that Brendlin was seized by the traffic stop; however, they determined the traffic stop was illegal. The United States Supreme Court had to decide whether or not a passenger is seized, according to the Fourth Amendment, in a traffic stop. The Court used the analogy of â€Å"whether a reasonable person in Brendlin’s position when the car was stopped would have believed himself free to ‘terminate the encounter’ between the police and himself. † The Court held â€Å"We think that in these circumstances any reasonable passenger would have understood the police officers to be exercising control to the point that no one in the car was free to depart without police permission. The Court explained that a traffic stop limits the actions of the passenger just as it does the driver and that the officer initiating the traffic stop â€Å"acts with an implicit claim of right based on fault of some sort, and a sensible person would not expect a police officer to allow people to come and go freely. † Therefore, the Court concluded that the Brendlin was seized by t he traffic stop â€Å"despite the fact that he was merely a passenger and not the target of the stop itself,† consequently he did have the right to challenge if his Fourth Amendment rights had been violated. COURT’S RATIONALE Before Johnson, according to Terry v Ohio, law enforcement was allowed to detain a person briefly if they believed he is was in the process of committing a crime or had committed a crime. Additionally, if the officer believed the detainee was armed and dangerous, the officer was allowed to conduct a pat-down of the detainee’s outer clothing to ensure he had no weapons on him. The Arizona Court of Appeals interpreted the Terry ruling did not apply to a person involved in a consensual encounter if the officer did not believe criminal activity was occurring, even if they believed he was armed and dangerous. The question this court asked was Johnson â€Å"seized† when he was frisked or had the encounter turned into a consensual conversation? They did refer to the United States Supreme Court’s ruling in Brendlin v California that a passenger is â€Å"seized† during a traffic stop, however, they noted that the Court did not designate when the seizure ended. They reasoned that â€Å"common sense† would allow that there must be a point in time where the passengers in the vehicle are free to leave and that â€Å"their fate is not entirely tied to that of the driver. They further compared this case to In re Ilono H. and reasoned that since Johnson was engaging in conversation unrelated to the traffic stop with Officer Trevizo, it had evolved into a separate consensual encounter. The court emphasized that Officer Trevizo believed Johnson was free to terminate the encounter at any time. The court also compared Johnson to Navarro. They determined Navarro had been subj ect to a greater level of coercion that Johnson had been and that the reasonable person in Johnson’s position would have believed he was free to stay in the vehicle. Furthermore, since Officer Trevizo had no suspicion that Johnson was involved in criminal activity, she had no right to frisk him, even if she believed he was armed and dangerous. Since the court had determined the encounter was consensual, they held that the evidence found should be suppressed. Judge Philip Espinosa dissented stating that the majority had placed police in greater danger. Judge Espinosa pointed out the language of Ilono H. stated a pat-down search should rely on the legality of the original stop and that in this case the original stop was legal. He also pointed out that Arizona courts had long acknowledged the right of an Arizona officer to conduct pat-down searches when he has a â€Å"reasonable concern for his safety. † Since Officer Trevizo did have a concern for her safety and the stop was legal, the dissent concluded the search was lawful and the evidence should not be suppressed. In a unanimous opinion written by Justice Ginsburg, the Court established that an officer may pat-down a passenger in a vehicle during the course of a traffic stop if the officer has an articulable suspicion to believe that person is armed and dangerous. ANALYSIS The Fourth Amendment is critical when it comes to protecting the rights of individuals from unreasonable seizures and searches. Johnson’s case required the Court to set a balance between these rights and the safety of law enforcement. The Supreme Court had already made exceptions to warrantless searches in Terry v Ohio. This Johnson decision expanded the Terry rule of †stop and frisk† to traffic stops. The Court reasoned that traffic stops indicate to a reasonable passenger that he is â€Å"seized† along with the passenger for the duration of the stop. Additionally, the Court noted that traffic stops are â€Å"fraught with danger to police officers. Unlike Terry, however, no longer do police need to believe the detainee is engaged in or has been engaged in criminal activity, they just need to â€Å"reasonably suspect† the person subjected to the pat-down is armed and dangerous. Conclusion The significance of this holding is that it increased officer safety by allowing them to pat-down a person, â€Å"seized† by a traffic stop (be it driver or passenger), provided the stop is legal and the officer has a reasonable suspicion that the person may be armed and dangerous. The Supreme Court has always faced the challenging job: balancing individual liberties with need for law and order. Fourth street advocates state this is another nail in the coffin of our Fourth Amendment rights. As with any expansion of police authority, there is always the chance of abuse of power. It is possible some police will abuse this power, using pat-downs during routine traffic stops in the hopes of turning a speeding ticket into something more interesting. Could Johnson eventually apply to any person the police may confront and/or detain? Pat-down searches are intrusive, humiliating, and embarrassing. Does this give law enforcement to pat-down anyone, anywhere under the disguise of officer safety? Will this lead to targeting and profiling? Will police be able to ignore the plastic baggie found while searching for weapons? Furthermore, will this prevent individuals from voluntarily interacting with police, knowing they may be frisked? Time will tell. On the other hand, officer safety is paramount. Not allowing officers to search occupants, within the context of a traffic stop, for weapons when there may be a threat to their safety would cripple their ability to perform their job effectively. Johnson was fresh out of prison, wearing gang colors, and carrying a police scanner. Even to an untrained civilian, it would seem common sense to frisk Johnson. In this case, highly trained Officer Trevizo took the chance that the evidence may have been suppressed, but that chance may have saved her life as well as the other officers. If Johnson had been allowed to leave the scene with the weapon, other lives were in jeopardy. The fact that the everyday law abiding citizen may face an intrusive pat-down seems a small price to pay for protecting the law enforcement that are sworn to protect and serve. The bottom line is the Supreme Court unanimously decided that officer safety comes first. It is what it is. 1 ]. State v Johnson, 170 3d 667, 668,674 (Ariz. Ct. App, 2007). [ 2 ]. Id. [ 3 ]. Id. at 669. [ 4 ]. Id. [ 5 ]. Id. at 668. [ 6 ]. Id. at 671. [ 7 ]. Id. [ 8 ]. Bill of Rights Amendment IV, The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particul arly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. [ 9 ]. Terry v Ohio, 392 U. S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968). The court held that an officer is justified in conducting a limited search of persons whom he suspects may be armed and dangerous in order to discover any weapons which might be used to assault him or others nearby, even if they have no suspicion that the passenger has committed any crime. [ 10 ]. Id. at 667. [ 11 ]. Johnson, 170 P. 3d at 669. [ 12 ]. Id. [ 13 ]. Johnson, 170 P. 3d at 667 (quoting Terry v Ohio, 392 U. S. 1, 30 (1968)). [ 14 ]. Arizona v Johnson, 128 S. Ct. 339, 172 L. Ed. 2d 14 (2008). [ 15 ]. Id. [ 16 ]. Id. [ 17 ]. Id. [ 18 ]. Johnson, 170 P. 3d at 668. [ 19 ]. Id. [ 20 ]. Id. [ 21 ]. Joint Appendix at 29, Johnson, 128 S. Ct. 2961 (No. 07-1122). [ 22 ]. Joint Appendix at 14. [ 23 ]. Id. at 15. [ 24 ]. Id. at 31. [ 25 ]. Id. at 42-43. [ 26 ]. Id. [ 27 ]. Id. at 12. [ 28 ]. Id. at 17. [ 29 ]. Id. at 16. [ 30 ]. Johnson, 170 P. 3d at 667, 669. [ 31 ]. Id. [ 32 ]. Joint Appendix at 19, Johnson, 128 S. Ct. 2961 (No. 07-1122). [ 33 ]. Id. [ 34 ]. Johnson, 170 P. 3d at 669. [ 35 ]. Joint Appendix at 10, Johnson, 128 S. Ct. 2961 (No. 07-1122). [ 36 ]. Id. at 29. [ 37 ]. Id. at 20. [ 38 ]. Johnson, 217 Ariz. 60, 170 P. 3d at 669-670. [ 39 ]. Id. [ 40 ]. Id. at 669-670. [ 41 ]. Id. [ 42 ]. Id. at 668. [ 43 ]. Id. [ 44 ]. Id. at 671. [ 45 ]. Id. at 673. 46 ]. Id. [ 47 ]. Terry v Ohio, 392 U. S. 1 (1968). [ 48 ]. Johnson, 217 Ariz. 60, 170 P. 3d at 671. [ 49 ]. Ilono H. , 210 Ariz. 473, P2, 113 P. 3d at 697. [ 50 ]. Id. at P12. [ 51 ]. Brendlin v California, U. S. 127 S. Ct. 2400, 2410, 168 L. Ed. 2d 132 (2007). [ 52 ]. Id. [ 53 ]. Johnson, 217 Ariz. 60, 170 P. 3d at 671. [ 54 ]. United States v Hernandez, 93 F. 3d 1493, 1498 (10th Cir. 1996). [ 55 ]. United States v Werking, 915 F. 2d 1404, 1408-09 (10th Cir. 1990). [ 56 ]. Johnson, 217 Ariz. 60, 170 P. 3d at 671. [ 57 ]. Id. [ 58 ]. Hernandez, 93 F. 3d at 1498. [ 59 ]. Johnson, 217 Ariz. 60, 170 P. 3d at 672. [ 60 ]. Id. 61 ]. Id. [ 62 ]. State v Navarro, 201 Ariz. 272, 34 P. 3d 971 (App. 2001). [ 63 ]. Id. [ 64 ]. Id. [ 65 ]. Johnson, 217 Ariz. 60, 170 P. 3d at 672. [ 66 ]. Id. [ 67 ]. Johnson, 217 Ariz. 60, 170 P. 3d at 672. [ 68 ]. Id. [ 69 ]. Ilono H. , 210 Ariz. 473, P2, 113 P. 3d at 697. This was a consensual encounter, not a traffic stop between a juvenile and an officer. [ 70 ]. State v Riley, 196 Ariz. 40, P16, 992 P. 2d 1135, 1140 (App. 1999). [ 71 ]. State v Valle, 196 Ariz. 324, P9, 996 P. 2d 125, 128 (App. 2000). [ 72 ]. Adams v Williams, 407 U. S. 143, 146, 92 S. Ct. 1921, 1923, 32 L. Ed. 2d 612 (1972). [ 73 ]. Johnson, 217 Ariz. 0, 170 P. 3d at 672. [ 74 ]. State v Johnson, 2007 Ariz. LEXIS 154 (Ariz. Nov. 29, 2007). [ 75 ] . Arizona v Johnson, 128 S. Ct. 2961, 171 L. Ed. 2d 884, 2008 U. S. LEXIS 5208, 76 U. S. L. W. 3673 (U. S. 2008). [ 76 ]. Arizona v Johnson, 129 S. Ct. 781, 172 L. Ed. 2d 694, 2009 U. S. LEXIS 868, 21 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 620 (U. s. 2009). [ 77 ]. Terry v Ohio, 392 U. S. 1 (1968). [ 78 ]. Id. at 24. [ 79 ]. Id. at 23-24, 27, 30-31. [ 80 ]. Berkemer v McCarty, 468, U. S. 420, 439, n. 29, 104 S. Ct. 3138, 82 L. Ed 2d 317 [ 81 ]. Michigan v Long, 463 U. S. 1032, 1047, 103 S. Ct. 3469, 77 L. Ed 2d 1204. [ 82 ]. Maryland v Wilson, 519 U. S. 408, 414, 117 S. Ct. 882, 137 L. Ed 2d 41. [ 83 ]. Pennsylvania v Mimms, 434 U. S. 106, 98 S. Ct. 330, 54 L. Ed. 2d, 331. [ 84 ]. Id. at 111. [ 85 ]. Id. at 110-111. [ 86 ]. Terry v Ohio, 434 U. S. , at 112. [ 87 ]. Pennsylvania v Mimms, 434 U. S. 106 [ 88 ]. Johnson 129 S. Ct. 781, at 698. [ 89 ]. Id. [ 90 ]. Brendlin, 551 U. S. , at 257. [ 91 ]. Johnson 129 S. Ct. 781, at 698. [ 92 ]. U. S. Constitution – Amendment 4. [ 93 ]. Carroll v United States, 267 U. S. 132 (1925). [ 94 ]. Id. at 160. [ 95 ]. Id. at 132. [ 96 ]. Id. at 158. [ 97 ]. Id. at 150-53. [ 98 ]. Id. at 153. [ 99 ]. Id. [ 100 ]. Terry, 392 U. S. at 16. 101 ]. Id. at 4-7. [ 102 ]. Terry, 392 U. S. at 2. [ 103 ]. Id. at 16-20. [ 104 ]. Id. at 24. [ 105 ]. U. S. Constitution – Fourth Amendment. [ 106 ]. lectlaw. com. [ 107 ]. Dumbra v. United States, 268 U. S. 435, 439 , 441 (1925). [ 108 ]. Id. at 16. [ 109 ]. Id. [ 110 ]. Id. at 20-27. [ 111 ]. Id. at 20. [ 112 ]. Id. [ 113 ]. United States v Mendenh all, 446 U. S. 544, 545 (1980). [ 114 ]. Id. at 554. [ 115 ]. Id. at 547-49. [ 116 ]. Id. [ 117 ]. Id. at 555. [ 118 ]. Id. [ 119 ]. Id. at 544. [ 120 ]. Id. at 554. [ 121 ]. Pennsylvania v Mimms, 434 U. S. at 106, 98 S. Ct. 330, 54 L. Ed. 2d 331 (1977). [ 122 ]. Id. [ 123 ]. Id. [ 124 ]. Id. [ 125 ]. Id. [ 126 ]. Id. [ 127 ]. Id. [ 128 ]. Id. [ 129 ]. Id at 106, 108. [ 130 ]. Id. [ 131 ]. Id. [ 132 ]. Id. [ 133 ]. Id. [ 134 ]. Id. at 106, 112 (quoting Terry, 392 U. S. , at 21-22). [ 135 ]. Mimms 434, U. S. 106, at 112. [ 136 ]. Id. at 111. [ 137 ]. Id. [ 138 ]. Maryland v Wilson, 519 U. S. 408 (1997). [ 139 ]. Id. [ 140 ]. Id. [ 141 ]. Id. [ 142 ]. Id. [ 143 ]. Id. [ 144 ]. Maryland v Wilson, 519 U. S. , 408 (1997). [ 145 ]. Id. at 414. [ 146 ]. State v Navarro, 34 P. 3d 971 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2001). [ 147 ]. In re Ilono H. , 113 P. 3d 696 (Ariz Ct. App. 2005). [ 148 ]. Navarro, 34 P. d at 971, 973. [ 149 ]. Id. [ 150 ]. Id. [ 151 ]. Id. [ 152 ]. Id. [ 153 ]. Id. [ 154 ]. Id. at 973-974. [ 155 ]. Id. at 972. [ 156 ]. Id. at 974. [ 157 ]. Id. at 974-975. [ 158 ]. Id. [ 159 ]. Id. [ 160 ]. Ilono H. , 113 P. 3d at 697. [ 161 ]. Id. [ 162 ]. Id. [ 163 ]. Id. [ 164 ]. Id. [ 165 ]. Id. [ 166 ]. Id. [ 167 ]. Id. at 700-701. [ 168 ]. Knowles v Iowa, 52 5 U. S. 113, 117–18 (1998). [ 169 ]. Brendlin v. California, 127 S. Ct. 2400, 2410 (2007). [ 170 ]. Knowles v Iowa, 525 U. S. at 114. [ 171 ]. Idat 113. [ 172 ]. Id. at 118. [ 173 ]. Brendlin, 127 S. Ct. at 2403. [ 174 ]. Id. at 2404. [ 175 ]. Id. [ 176 ]. Id. 177 ]. Id. [ 178 ]. Id. [ 179 ]. Id. [ 180 ]. Id. [ 181 ]. Id. at 2404-05. [ 182 ]. Id. at 2405-06 (quoting Florida v Bostick, 501 U. S. 429, 435-36 (1991)). [ 183 ]. Id. at 2406-07. [ 184 ]. Id. at 2407. [ 185 ]. Id. at 2410. [ 186 ]. Terry, 392 U. S. at 2. [ 187 ]. Johnson, 170 P. 3d at 671. [ 188 ]. Brendlin, 551 U. S. at 262. [ 189 ]. Johnson, 170 P. 3d at 671. [ 190 ]. Id. [ 191 ]. Id. at 672. [ 192 ]. Id. [ 193 ]. Id. at 673. [ 194 ]. Id. [ 195 ]. Id. at 674. [ 196 ]. Id. at 674 (Espinosa, J. , dissenting). [ 197 ]. Id. [ 198 ]. Id. (quoting State v Riley, 992 P. 2d 1135, 1140 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1999)). [ 199 ]. Id.